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Selasa, 10 Januari 2012

panca indera

وفي أنفسكم أفلا تبصرون
Dan pada diri kalian, apakah kalian tidak melihat?



"Open your hidden eyes and see. come, return to the root of the root of yourself. bukalah mata tersembunyimu dan lihat! mari, kembali ke akarnya akar asal dirimu." ~Mawlana Rumi.

Manusia seringkali takjub kepada sesuatu yang ada di luar diri mereka. Mengetahui banyaknya keajaiban-keajaiban di luar sana, membuat manusia seringkali lupa keajaiban dirinya sendiri sebagai miniatur alam semesta, cermin Tuhan yang paling sempurna merefleksikan citra-Nya. Namun, disini, saya tidak membahas keajaiban-keajaiban pada diri manusia. Saya hanya akan fokus pada pengendalian panca indera dan bagaimana menggunakannya untuk bertawajjuh kepada-Nya.
Panca indera adalah pintu. Segala sesuatu harus melaluinya jika akan keluar/ masuk dari/ ke dalam tubuh kita. Artinya, panca indera adalah akses keluar-masuknya informasi, komunikasi dan interaksi antara diri kita dan dunia di luar diri kita/ selain kita.
Segala yang masuk melalui indera dapat mempengaruhi pikiran (prasangka, perspektif, pola pikir), perasaan (susah, senang, sedih, bahagia), yang akhirnya menentukan tindakan (action) kita. Misalnya kita melihat iklan di tv, pikiran mencerna apa yang dilihat, jika iklan tersebut mengandung gagasan yang kuat, kemungkinan besar dapat mempengaruhi pola pikir kita. Lalu kita merasa tertarik (perasaan), dan akhirnya membeli produk yang ditawarkan (action).
Sebagai manusia ciptaan Tuhan, kita terikat oleh perjanjian bahwasanya kita diciptakan adalah untuk mengabdi kepada-Nya. Artinya segala tindakan kita diharapkan sesuai dengan aturan-aturan syariah-Nya. Karena panca indera dapat mempengaruhi tindakan kita, lalu bagaimana kita mengendalikan panca indera agar tindakan kita sesuai dengan kehendak syari'ah-Nya?
Jawabannya mungkin dapat kita dapatkan dari cerita sokrates berikut ini. Suatu hari seseorang datang tergopoh-gopoh menemui Sokrates. Dia berkata "saya membawa berita tentang seseorang untuk Anda."
Sokrates berujar "tunggu dulu, saya ingin mengajukan tiga pertanyaan sebelum Anda mengabarkan berita itu. Pertama, apakah Anda mengetahui sendiri berita itu dan yakin berita itu 100% benar?"
"Saya tidak mengetahuinya sendiri. Saya mengetahuinya dari seseorang sehingga saya tidak tahu kebenarannya."
"Apakah Anda mengenal orang yang akan Anda ceritakan?"
"Tidak. Tapi, saya kira Anda mengenalnya."
"Pertanyaan terakhir, apakah berita itu berakibat posotif atau negatif untuk saya?'
"Negatif."
"Kalau begitu, saya tidak perlu mendengar berita Anda. Bagaimana bisa saya mendengar berita yang Anda sendiri tidak mengetahui kebenarannya, Anda tidak mengenal orang yang Anda ceritakan, dan berakibat buruk terhadap diri saya?"
Dari contoh kasus tersebut dapat kita simpulkan bahwa untuk mengendalikan panca indera, kita harus menginterogasi setiap yang masuk ke dalam panca indera. Apakah itu bermanfaat untuk kita atau tidak, apakah hal tersebut diridhoi oleh-Nya atau tidak. Dengan apa kita mengintrogasinya? Dengan pikiran dan hati. Karena kata imam Ghazali, hati ibarat raja, dan semua anggota tubuh adalah tentaranya. Jadi, mengendalikan pikiran = mengendalikan nafsu = mengendalikan panca indera.
Setelah dapat mengendalikan panca indera, langkah selanjutnya adalah menggunakannya untuk menemui dan bertawajjuh kepada Tuhan. Nabi Isa as. pernah bersabda "tidak perlu kayu dan batu yang kokoh, singgasana yang megah untuk menghadap Tuhan. hanya dengan kamarmulah kamu akan mengetahui." Beliau juga bersabda tentang adab berdoa dan bertawajjuh kepada-Nya, "masuklah ke dalam kamarmu dan tutuplah pintu."
Yang dimaksud dengan kamar adalah ruang yang tersembunyi. Di manakah ruang tersembunyi? masjid, gereja, bahkan kamar pribadimu bukanlah ruang tersembunyi. Karena itu semua masih dapat terlihat. Yang dimaksud dengan ruang tersembunyi adalah "kamar diri". dan pintunya adalah panca indera.
Lantas bagaimana kita bisa masuk kedalam "kamar diri" kita? Saya jadi teringat dengan lakon wayang Bima dan Dewa Ruci. Bima yang disuruh gurunya, Durna untuk mencari tirta merta (air kehidupan) akhirnya bertemu dengan Dewa Ruci yang berwujud dirinya sewaktu kecil. Lalu Dewa Ruci meminta agar Bima masuk kedalam tubuhnya melalui telinganya. Cerita Bima dan Dewa Ruci ini mungkin merupakan simbol bagaimana manusia (Bima) memasuki "kamar diri"-nya.
Usaha memasuki kamar diri ini dapat kita temukan jawabannya dalam laku para sufi dengan berbagai variasi thariqahnya. Misalnya Syaikh Abdul Qadir Jailani yang terkenal dengan dzikir jahr-nya (dzikir melafazhkan kalimat “laailaaha illallah” dengan suara lantang. ketika mengucap laaa, tarik kesadaran diri dari pusar ke kepala. lalu saat kata ilaaha, hembuskan kesadaran diri dari kepala ke arah kanan. terakhir pada kata illallah, hembuskan ke arah kanan). Lain halnya dengan Syaikh Bahauddin an-Naqsyabandi, beliau memilih dzikir sirri (dzikir mengucapkan lafazh Allah dalam hati, selaras ketukan detak jantung, seirama denyut nadi). sedangkan Mawalna Jalaluddin ar-Rumi memilih berdzikir dengan mendengarkan musik sambil menari berputar-putar sebagaimana putaran orang thawaf mengelilingi ka'bah, elektron yang mengitari ini atom, bulan mengelilingi bumi, bumi mengitari matahari, matahari bersama bintang-bintang galaksi lainnya berputar mengelilingi pusat tata surya. Yang kesemuanya bergerak atas kehendak-Nya.
Setelah berhasil memasuki kamar diri, maka tutuplah pintu. Tutuplah semua panca inderamu. Karena kata pepatah “jika salah satu indera tak berfungsi maka fungsi indera yang lain akan menguat.” ex: lumba-lumba dan kelelawar yang rabun matanya namun tajam suara dan pendengarannya. nah, apabila kita menon-aktifkan kelima indera kita, maka indera yang tersembunyi akan menguat.
Bayangkan diri kita tak dapat melihat, mendengar, mencium dan merasa. Tidak tahu mana depan-belakang, kiri-kanan, atas-bawah, mana timur dan barat. Kita tak tahu ada dimana. Semuanya hampa, fana. Niscaya indera tersembunyi kita akan meronta-ronta mencari Dia. Maka saat itu, diamlah, jangan bicara. lidah ini telah terlalu banyak berdusta. Diamlah. Bukankah Dia Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Mengetahui setiap isi hati kita?

:: Mawlana Rumi berkata "aku mencari Tuhan di antara orang-orang Kristen dan salibnya, tapi tak kutemukan Dia. Aku pergi ke kuil-kuil kuno pemujaan berhala, tak ada jejak-Nya disana. Aku masuki gua hira, tapi Tuhan belum juga kutemukan. Kudaki puncak gunung Kaukasus, yang kutemui hanya sarang burung Anqa'. Lalu kualihkan pencarianku ke Ka'bah, bahkan Tuhan juga tak di sana. berpindah ke filsafat, aku bertanya tentang Dia dari Ibnu Sina, tapi kutemukan Dia tanpa kerangka. Akhirnya aku menengok ke dalam hatiku sendiri, dan disana aku melihat Dia. Dia tidak kemana-mana. ::


*tulisan yang pernah disampaikan di majlis ta'lim Sabilul Hidayah, Mushalla al-Ihsan dan diskusi IKRIMAT (Ikatan Remaja Masjid at-Taqwa) Sekayu.

terima kasih untuk mas "" atas postingan-postingannya tentang panca indera.

Sabtu, 27 Maret 2010

Al-Jili (The Concept of Insan al-Kamil) ~english version

By: Warih Firdausi (074211037)

Lawlaaka lawlaaka lamaa khalaqtu al-aflaak, walawlaaka lamaa azhhartu ilaahi rububiyyati. (al-hadith al-Qudsi)

A. His Short Biography
Abd al-Karīm Qutbuddin ibn Ibrāhīm al-Jīlī was born in 1365/1366 AD, and perhaps he was dead about 1406 till 1417AD, but some sources said he passed away in 1424AD. He was also Syeikh, a descendant of Abdul Qadir Al-Gilani. He studied in Yaman from 1393 to 1403 and wrote more than thirty works. His writing is greatly influenced by Ibn al-Araby, the Spanish mystic of the 13th century. Jili’s writings had influenced many people in the Muslim world including Allama Iqbal, a muslim poet from India. The most famous of his opus is Insan al Kamil Fima’rifat al Awakhir wa al Awail. Actually, Insan Kamil (the Perfect Man) is a continuity of Ibnu al-Arabi’s teaching on the structure of reality and human perfection despite the age of this idea as old as tasawwuf itself . It’s held to be one of masterpieces of Sufi literature in its own right.
In his book, more than once he called ‘Abd al-Qadir as the “our master” (Syaikhuna). This indicates that Al-Jili is one of the members of his thariqah. The Muslim biography writers give no much attention for him, but he said he live in Zabid, Yaman together with his master, Syaraf al-Din Isma’il ibn Ibrahim al-Jabarti, and before that he was visited India.
As a writer, he hasn’t nothing talent, although his works more similar with mysticism than belles letters. Beside some poems which he likes, he also introduces maqaamas in lyric prose and parable (mitsaal) about Platonic mythology.

B. The Concept of Insan Kamil (The Perfect Man)
1. Definition
The Prophet said “Khalaqa al-Rahmanu adama bishuratihi.” God made Adam (human) in his own image.” And the universe is created in human image. This statement is the argumentation for the existent of Perfect Man. The word Insan is variously derived. Some derive it from uns, love; some derive it from nas, forgetfulness, because life in earth begins in forgetfulness and ends in forgetfulness. Some say the word comes from ‘ayn san, “Like the eye.” Man is the eye with which God beholds His sifat and asma’ in limitation; Insan al-Kamil is thus the mirror in which God’s sifat and asma’ are fully reflected. Easily, Insan Kamil is a man who represent all of God’s names and His attributes in all of his life aspects.

The more explanation
Al-Jili is included into whom has thought and belief that existent is one (wihdatul wujud), and all visible variation are mode, aspect and actualization of reality, even phenomenon is external expression of real existent. He defined essence as something which attribute and name refer to, it could be being (maujud) or non-being (mumtani’ al-maujud) that’s only exist in its name like bird al-Anqa’. Then, the essence which has an existent is divided into two kinds. The first is pure being (wajib al-maujud), that’s God, and the second is being that mingled with nothingness (mumkin al-maujud), that’s world of creature.
Al-Jili almost repeats what al-Hallaj and Ibnu al’Arabi said, the core essence of God is Love. Before creation, God love Himself in an absolute unity and through love He made Himself visible from nothingness (al-‘Amaa) without asma’ and sifat. This process is what al-Jili calls it by Ahadiyyah/ the first step of tajalliyatuLlah. Then, because of His wish to see that love in alones doesn’t need otherness and duality as external subject, He emerge His own image from nothingness which He give it all of His attributes and His names (Huwiyyah/ the second step). God show His asma’ and sifat to all His creatures. Among His entire creature, the best God’s image is Adam (human) that is place and medium of God manifestation. The divine is being objected in humanity. Nevertheless, His tajalli to human is variation, and the perfect of tajalliyatuLlah is Insan al-Kamil (Aniyah/ the last step).
All the creatures are mirror, the place to reflect the Absolute Beauty. What we call the world is nothing but manifestation of God. Just as God was present in eternity (‘azali) in the Dark Mist (‘Amaa’) which is also called by Reality of realities, Hidden treasure and White (Pure) Chrysolite, so is He present now in all things without incarnation (hulul) and mixture (imtizaj). He is manifested in the parts and atoms of phenomenal world without becaming many.
Bad thing has same place in existence structure as beautiful, both of them in divine perfection. Thereby, the crime is also relative. Infidel and sin are effect of God’s activity and something strength His perfection. Even, the devil also glorifies God, because his rebellion is under God’s authority. However, God show Himself imperfectly in some aspects in Satan like the Glory and the Angriness against with other aspects like the Beauty and the Affection.
Al-Jili called The Perfect Man as universe guardian, Quthb or axis on which sphere of existent revolves from first to last. He is the main cause of creation; he is God’s medium to see Him, because divine names (asma’) and attributes (sifat) couldn’t be seen totally except in The Perfect Man. Because of that, he became mediator and cosmic power who unite between The Plural and The One. Therefore the viability of nature existent is depended on him. Thus, he became the real khalifatuLlah fi al-ardh who controls the balance of world. If there is not Insan al-Kamil in the world, that’s time to the end of this world history.
Everyone potentially is perfect, but little of them are actually perfect. They who perfect in actualization are prophets and holy man (wali). However, because of their perfect variation, they have different capabilities to accept brightness. So, one of them must be higher than others. And The Absolute Perfect Man for Al-Jili is the Prophet Muhammad SAW. He also explain that Insan al-Kamil forever is external manifestation of Muhammad essence (haqiqah al-Muhammadiyyah) that has power to have whatever shape he wish conditionally in every time. Al-Jili admits that he ever met the Prophet in the shape of his teacher Syaraf al-Din Isma’il al-Jabarti.

3. The way to reach Insan al-Kamil
For Al-Jili, human can reach the real of himself to be the Perfect Man by doing spiritual training and mystical climbing. And in the same time, The Absolute will go down in himself through some levels. There are four levels that Sufi have to through it to be Insan Kamil:
1. Meditation in action (action brightness). At this stage, he feels that God permeates all object of the world. It’s He who moves them and is ultimately responsible for their rest.
2. Meditation in names (names brightness). The Sufi receives mystery delivered by every name of God, and he extremely unites into those names, therefore he responds every people’s prayers by calling that name.
3. Meditation in attributes (attributes brightness). He fused in them, in divine essence which has some attributes: life, knowledge, power, wish and etc.
4. Essential brightness. In this step he became absolute perfect. All attributes were disappeared, and then The Absolute comes down into himself. Then his eye is God’s eye, his words are God’s words, his life is God’s life. He trully became a Perfect Man.

C. Closing
After all, to Insan al-Kamil God isn’t a screen from His creator, and creature isn’t a screen from the Creator. It’s only our knowledge that we are Him and He is us. It’s not equation and incarnation. God is God and slave is slave. God never became slave and slave never became God. Even, Insan al-Kamil is just a reality (haqq) not the real of Reality (Al-Haqq). But, he shows himself in his consciousness mirror as God and Human.

D. End notes
Because almost Sufi has certain concept about Insan al-Kamil such as Abu Yazid al-Busthami, Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani and etc. See: R.A. Nicholson, Tasawuf Cinta, Studi atas Ttga Sufi: Ibn Abi Al-Khair, Al-Jili dan Ibn Al-Faridh. Terjemahan atas Study in Islamic Mysticism. Bandung: 2003 Mizan. p: 115.
Ibid. p: 161.
Studies in Tasawwuf, Khan Sahib Khaja Khan. Delhi, Idarah-I Adabiyat-I Delli: 1978. p: 78.
Al-Anqa’ is the Arabian mythos bird. Some people said it’s the king of entire bird. The other said al-Anqa’ often abducts children to eat them. We could compare it with something like Buto Ijo or Nyi Roro Kidul in Javanese culture.
This reason –in my opinion- is contradictive with other source that taken from hadith, God is “burried treasure” and He wants to be known therefore he created creature as screen from Himself.
A History of Muslim Philosophy, p:845.
Perhaps, from this view appears the concept of wihdatul adyan. Al-Jili said that idolate (paganist people) in the fact also glorify God because they didn’t find the god of their idol except themselves, so they are the “real god” for themselves. However, Al-Jili still believes that the perfect adoration is Islamic worship and then other samawi religions.
From this statement it’s clearly declare the difference of wihdatul wujud concept from materialism and naturalism that consider the God is universe itself.


E. References

- Khaja Khan, Khan Sahib. Studies in Tasawwuf, Delhi, Idarah-I Adabiyat-I Delli: 1978.
- Nicholson, R.A. Tasawuf Cinta, Studi atas Ttga Sufi: Ibn Abi Al-Khair, Al-Jili dan Ibn Al-Faridh. Terjemahan atas Study in Islamic Mysticism. Bandung, Mizan: 2003.
- A History of Muslim Philosophy.